Windows 7

Windows 7 is a personal computer operating system that was produced by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009 and became generally available on October 22, 2009,[8]  less than three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista. Windows 7's server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time.

Windows 7 was primarily intended to be an incremental upgrade to Microsoft Windows, intended to address Windows Vista's poor critical reception while maintaining hardware and software compatibility. Windows 7 continued improvements on Windows Aero (the user interface introduced in Windows Vista) with the addition of a redesigned taskbar that allows applications to be "pinned" to it, and new window management features. Other new features were added to the operating system, including libraries, the new file sharing system HomeGroup, and support for multitouch input. A new "Action Center" interface was also added to provide an overview of system security and maintenance information, and tweaks were made to the User Account Control system to make it less intrusive. Windows 7 also shipped with updated versions of several stock applications, including Internet Explorer 8, Windows Media Player, and Windows Media Center.

In contrast to Windows Vista, Windows 7 was generally praised by critics, who considered the operating system to be a major improvement over its predecessor due to its increased performance, its more intuitive interface (with particular praise devoted to the new taskbar), fewer User Account Control popups, and other improvements made across the platform. Windows 7 was a major success for Microsoft; even prior to its official release, pre-order sales for 7 on the online retailer Amazon.com had surpassed previous records. In just six months, over 100 million copies had been sold worldwide, increasing to over 630 million licenses by July 2012. As of April 2019, 33.38% of computers running Windows are running Windows 7,[9]  which is still the most used version in many countries including one (Eastern) European country, and has more than 50% market share in China (and Asia as a whole) and many countries elsewhere; e.g. most used in Africa at 46.43%.

Contents

 * 1Development history
 * 2Features
 * 2.1New and changed
 * 2.2Removed
 * 3Editions
 * 3.1Support lifecycle
 * 4System requirements
 * 5Extent of hardware support
 * 5.1Physical memory
 * 5.2Processor limits
 * 6Updates
 * 6.1Service Pack 1
 * 6.2Platform Update
 * 6.3Disk Cleanup update
 * 6.4Windows Management Framework 5.0
 * 6.5Convenience rollup
 * 7Reception
 * 7.1Critical reception
 * 7.2Sales
 * 7.3Antitrust concerns
 * 8References
 * 9Further reading
 * 10External links

Development history[edit]
Originally, a version of Windows codenamed "Blackcomb" was planned as the successor to Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 in 2000. Major features were planned for Blackcomb, including an emphasis on searching and querying data and an advanced storage system named WinFS to enable such scenarios. However, an interim, minor release, codenamed "Longhorn," was announced for 2003, delaying the development of Blackcomb.[10]  By the middle of 2003, however, Longhorn had acquired some of the features originally intended for Blackcomb. After three major malware outbreaks—the Blaster, Nachi, and Sobigworms—exploited flaws in Windows operating systems within a short time period in August 2003,[11]  Microsoft changed its development priorities, putting some of Longhorn's major development work on hold while developing new service packs for Windows XP and Windows Server 2003. Development of Longhorn (Windows Vista) was also restarted, and thus delayed, in August 2004. A number of features were cut from Longhorn.[12]  Blackcomb was renamed Vienna in early 2006.[13]

When released, Windows Vista was criticized for its long development time, performance issues, spotty compatibility with existing hardware and software on launch, changes affecting the compatibility of certain PC games, and unclear assurances by Microsoft that certain computers shipping with XP prior to launch would be "Vista Capable" (which led to a class action lawsuit), among other critiques. As such, adoption of Vista in comparison to XP remained somewhat low.[14] [15] [16]  In July 2007, six months following the public release of Vista, it was reported that the next version of Windows would then be codenamed Windows 7, with plans for a final release within three years.[17] [18]  Bill Gates, in an interview with Newsweek, suggested that Windows 7 would be more "user-centric".[19] Gates later said that Windows 7 would also focus on performance improvements.[20]  Steven Sinofsky later expanded on this point, explaining in the Engineering Windows 7 blog that the company was using a variety of new tracing tools to measure the performance of many areas of the operating system on an ongoing basis, to help locate inefficient code paths and to help prevent performance regressions.[21]  Senior Vice President Bill Veghte stated that Windows Vista users migrating to Windows 7 would not find the kind of device compatibility issues they encountered migrating from Windows XP.[22]  An estimated 1,000 developers worked on Windows 7. These were broadly divided into "core operating system" and "Windows client experience", in turn organized into 25 teams of around 40 developers on average.[23]

In October 2008, it was announced that Windows 7 would also be the official name of the operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-24">[24] <sup id="cite_ref-CBC14Oct08_25-0">[25]  There has been some confusion over naming the product Windows 7,<sup id="cite_ref-msJustifiesWin7NamingDecision_26-0">[26]  while versioning it as 6.1 to indicate its similar build to Vista and increase compatibility with applications that only check major version numbers, similar to Windows 2000 and Windows XP both having 5.x version numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-27">[27]  The first external release to select Microsoft partners came in January 2008 with Milestone 1, build 6519.<sup id="cite_ref-28">[28]  Speaking about Windows 7 on October 16, 2008, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer confirmed compatibility between Windows Vista and Windows 7, indicating that Windows 7 would be a refined version of Windows Vista.<sup id="cite_ref-29">[29]

At PDC 2008, Microsoft demonstrated Windows 7 with its reworked taskbar.<sup id="cite_ref-30">[30]  On December 27, 2008, the Windows 7 Beta was leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent.<sup id="cite_ref-31">[31]  According to a performance test by ZDNet,<sup id="cite_ref-32">[32]  Windows 7 Beta beat both Windows XP and Vista in several key areas, including boot and shutdown time and working with files, such as loading documents. Other areas did not beat XP, including PC Pro benchmarks for typical office activities and video editing, which remain identical to Vista and slower than XP.<sup id="cite_ref-33">[33]  On January 7, 2009, the x64 version of the Windows 7 Beta (build 7000) was leaked onto the web, with some torrents being infected with a trojan.<sup id="cite_ref-34">[34] <sup id="cite_ref-35">[35]  At CES 2009, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer announced the Windows 7 Beta, build 7000, had been made available for download to MSDN and TechNet subscribers in the format of an ISO image.<sup id="cite_ref-36">[36]  The stock wallpaper of the beta version contained a digital image of the Betta fish.<sup id="cite_ref-37">[37]

The release candidate, build 7100, became available for MSDN and TechNet subscribers, and Connect Program participants on April 30, 2009. On May 5, 2009, it became available to the general public, although it had also been leaked onto the Internet via BitTorrent.<sup id="cite_ref-38">[38]  The release candidate was available in five languages and expired on June 1, 2010, with shutdowns every two hours starting March 1, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-39">[39]  Microsoft stated that Windows 7 would be released to the general public on October 22, 2009. Microsoft released Windows 7 to MSDN and Technet subscribers on August 6, 2009, at 10:00 am PDT.<sup id="cite_ref-40">[40]  Microsoft announced that Windows 7, along with Windows Server 2008 R2, was released to manufacturing on July 22, 2009. Windows 7 RTM is build 7600.16385.090713-1255, which was compiled on July 13, 2009, and was declared the final RTM build after passing all Microsoft's tests internally.<sup id="cite_ref-rtm_41-0">[41]

New and changed[edit]
Main article: Features new to Windows 7



Windows 7 live thumbnails, showing Internet Explorer 11 tabs

Among Windows 7's new features are advances in touch and handwriting recognition,<sup id="cite_ref-42">[42]  support for virtual hard disks,<sup id="cite_ref-43">[43]  improved performance on multi-core processors,<sup id="cite_ref-44">[44] <sup id="cite_ref-45">[45] <sup id="cite_ref-46">[46] <sup id="cite_ref-47">[47]  improved boot performance, DirectAccess, and kernel improvements. Windows 7 adds support for systems using multiple heterogeneous graphics cards from different vendors (Heterogeneous Multi-adapter),<sup id="cite_ref-48">[48]  a new version of Windows Media Center,<sup id="cite_ref-tgdailym1_49-0">[49]  a Gadget for Windows Media Center, improved media features, XPS Essentials Pack<sup id="cite_ref-50">[50]  and Windows PowerShell<sup id="cite_ref-51">[51]  being included, and a redesigned Calculator with multiline capabilities including Programmer and Statistics modes along with unit conversion for length, weight, temperature, and several others.<sup id="cite_ref-52">[52]  Many new items have been added to the Control Panel, including ClearType Text Tuner<sup id="cite_ref-53">[53]  Display Color Calibration Wizard,<sup id="cite_ref-54">[54]  Gadgets, Recovery, Troubleshooting, Workspaces Center, Location and Other Sensors, Credential Manager, Biometric Devices, System Icons, and Display.<sup id="cite_ref-55">[55]  Windows Security Center has been renamed to Windows Action Center (Windows Health Center and Windows Solution Center in earlier builds), which encompasses both security and maintenance of the computer. ReadyBoost on 32-bit editions now supports up to 256 gigabytes of extra allocation. Windows 7 also supports images in RAW image format through the addition of Windows Imaging Component-enabled image decoders, which enables raw image thumbnails, previewing and metadata display in Windows Explorer, plus full-size viewing and slideshows in Windows Photo Viewer and Windows Media Center.<sup id="cite_ref-56">[56]  Windows 7 also has a native TFTP client with the ability to transfer files to or from a TFTP server.<sup id="cite_ref-57">[57]



The default taskbar of Windows 7.

The taskbar has seen the biggest visual changes, where the old Quick Launch toolbar has been replaced with the ability to pin applications to taskbar. Buttons for pinned applications are integrated with the task buttons. These buttons also enable Jump Lists to allow easy access to common tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-Softpedia04Nov08_58-0">[58]  The revamped taskbar also allows the reordering of taskbar buttons. To the far right of the system clock is a small rectangular button that serves as the Show desktop icon. By default, hovering over this button makes all visible windows transparent for a quick look at the desktop.<sup id="cite_ref-59">[59]  In touch-enabled displays such as touch screens, tablet PCs, etc., this button is slightly (8 pixels) wider in order to accommodate being pressed by a finger.<sup id="cite_ref-60">[60]  Clicking this button minimizes all windows, and clicking it a second time restores them.

Window management in Windows 7 has several new features: Snap maximizes a window when it is dragged to the top of the screen.<sup id="cite_ref-61">[61]  Dragging windows to the left or right edges of the screen allows users to snap software windows to either side of the screen, such that the windows take up half the screen. When a user moves windows that were snapped or maximized using Snap, the system restores their previous state. Snap functions can also be triggered with keyboard shortcuts. Shake hides all inactive windows when the active window's title bar is dragged back and forth rapidly (metaphorically shaken).



Action Center window, showing no problem detected



When the Action Center flag is clicked on, it lists all security and maintenance issues in a small popup window.

Windows 7 includes 13 additional sound schemes, titled Afternoon, Calligraphy, Characters, Cityscape, Delta, Festival, Garden, Heritage, Landscape, Quirky, Raga, Savanna, and Sonata.<sup id="cite_ref-62">[62]  Internet Spades, Internet Backgammon and Internet Checkers, which were removed from Windows Vista, were restored in Windows 7. Users are able to disable or customize many more Windows components than was possible in Windows Vista. New additions to this list of components include Internet Explorer 8, Windows Media Player 12, Windows Media Center, Windows Search, and Windows Gadget Platform.<sup id="cite_ref-Engineering_Windows_7_63-0">[63]  A new version of Microsoft Virtual PC, newly renamed as Windows Virtual PC was made available for Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, and Ultimate editions.<sup id="cite_ref-64">[64]  It allows multiple Windows environments, including Windows XP Mode, to run on the same machine. Windows XP Mode runs Windows XP in a virtual machine, and displays applications within separate windows on the Windows 7 desktop.<sup id="cite_ref-65">[65]  Furthermore, Windows 7 supports the mounting of a virtual hard disk (VHD) as a normal data storage, and the bootloader delivered with Windows 7 can boot the Windows system from a VHD; however, this ability is only available in the Enterprise and Ultimate editions.<sup id="cite_ref-66">[66]  The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) of Windows 7 is also enhanced to support real-time multimedia application including video playback and 3D games, thus allowing use of DirectX 10 in remote desktop environments.<sup id="cite_ref-67">[67]  The three application limit, previously present in the Windows Vista and Windows XP Starter Editions, has been removed from Windows 7.<sup id="cite_ref-68">[68] All editions include some new and improved features, such as Windows Search, Security features, and some features new to Windows 7, that originated within Vista. Optional BitLocker Drive Encryption is included with Windows 7 Ultimate and Enterprise. Windows Defender is included; Microsoft Security Essentials antivirus software is a free download. All editions include Shadow Copy, which—every day or so—System Restore uses to take an automatic "previous version" snapshot of user files that have changed.<sup id="cite_ref-69">[69]  Backup and restore have also been improved,<sup id="cite_ref-70">[70] <sup id="cite_ref-71">[71]  and the Windows Recovery Environment—installed by default—replaces the optional Recovery Console of Windows XP.<sup id="cite_ref-72">[72]

A new system known as "Libraries" was added for file management; users can aggregate files from multiple folders into a "Library". By default, libraries for categories such as Documents, Pictures, Music, and Video are created, consisting of the user's personal folder and the Public folder for each. The system is also used as part of a new home networking system known as HomeGroup; devices are added to the network with a password, and files and folders can be shared with all other devices in the HomeGroup, or with specific users. The default libraries, along with printers, are shared by default, but the personal folder is set to read-only access by other users, and the Public folder can be accessed by anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-pcmag-homegroup_73-0">[73] <sup id="cite_ref-leblanchomegroup_74-0">[74]

Windows 7 includes improved globalization support through a new Extended Linguistic Services API<sup id="cite_ref-75">[75]  to provide multilingual support (particularly in Ultimate and Enterprise editions). Microsoft has also implemented better support for solid-state drives,<sup id="cite_ref-76">[76]  including the new TRIM command, and Windows 7 is able to identify a solid-state drive uniquely. Native support for USB 3.0 is not included due to delays in the finalization of the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-77">[77]  At WinHEC 2008 Microsoft announced that color depths of 30-bit and 48-bit would be supported in Windows 7 along with the wide color gamut scRGB (which for HDMI 1.3 can be converted and output as xvYCC). The video modes supported in Windows 7 are 16-bit sRGB, 24-bit sRGB, 30-bit sRGB, 30-bit with extended color gamut sRGB, and 48-bit scRGB.<sup id="cite_ref-78">[78] <sup id="cite_ref-79">[79]

For developers, Windows 7 includes a new networking API with support for building SOAP-based web services in native code (as opposed to .NET-based WCFweb services),<sup id="cite_ref-80">[80]  new features to simplify development of installation packages and shorten application install times.<sup id="cite_ref-81">[81]  Windows 7, by default, generates fewer User Account Control (UAC) prompts because it allows digitally signed Windows components to gain elevated privileges without a prompt. Additionally, users can now adjust the level at which UAC operates using a sliding scale.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-7uacbroken_82-0">[82]

Removed[edit]
Main article: List of features removed in Windows 7

Certain capabilities and programs that were a part of Windows Vista are no longer present or have been changed, resulting in the removal of certain functionalities; these include the classic Start Menu user interface, some taskbar features, Windows Explorer features, Windows Media Player features, Windows Ultimate Extras, Search button, and InkBall. Four applications bundled with Windows Vista—Windows Photo Gallery, Windows Movie Maker, Windows Calendarand Windows Mail—are not included with Windows 7 and were replaced by Windows Live-branded versions as part of the Windows Live Essentials suite.<sup id="cite_ref-83">[83] <sup id="cite_ref-84">[84]

Editions[edit]
Main article: Windows 7 editions

Windows 7 is available in six different editions, of which the Home Premium, Professional, and Ultimate were available at retail in most countries, and as pre-loaded software on new computers. Home Premium and Professional were aimed at home users and small businesses respectively, while Ultimate was aimed at enthusiasts. Each edition of Windows 7 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it, and adds additional features oriented towards their market segments; for example, Professional adds additional networking and security features such as Encrypting File System and the ability to join a domain. Ultimate contained a superset of the features from Home Premium and Professional, along with other advanced features oriented towards power users, such as BitLocker drive encryption; unlike Windows Vista, there were no "Ultimate Extras" add-ons created for Windows 7 Ultimate.<sup id="cite_ref-ExtremeTechWindows7Editions_85-0">[85] <sup id="cite_ref-PCWorld_86-0">[86] <sup id="cite_ref-closewindows7look_87-0">[87]  Retail copies were available in "upgrade" and higher-cost "full" version licenses; "upgrade" licenses require an existing version of Windows to install, while "full" licenses can be installed on computers with no existing operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-smh-misleading_88-0">[88]

The remaining three editions were not available at retail, of which two were available exclusively through OEM channels as pre-loaded software. The Starteredition is a stripped-down version of Windows 7 meant for low-cost devices such as netbooks. In comparison to Home Premium, Starter has reduced multimedia functionality, does not allow users to change their desktop wallpaper or theme, disables the "Aero Glass" theme, does not have support for multiple monitors, and can only address 2GB of RAM.<sup id="cite_ref-closewindows7look_87-1">[87] <sup id="cite_ref-cw-kills7starter_89-0">[89]  Home Basic was sold only in emerging markets, and was positioned in between Home Premium and Starter.<sup id="cite_ref-ExtremeTechWindows7Editions_85-1">[85] <sup id="cite_ref-PCWorld_86-1">[86]  The highest edition, Enterprise, is functionally similar to Ultimate, but is only sold through volume licensing via Microsoft's Software Assurance program.<sup id="cite_ref-supersite_90-0">[90] <sup id="cite_ref-cnet_91-0">[91] <sup id="cite_ref-Softpedia_92-0">[92]

All editions aside from Starter support both IA-32 and x86-64 architectures; Starter only supports 32-bit systems.<sup id="cite_ref-closewindows7look_87-2">[87]  Retail copies of Windows 7 are distributed on two DVDs: one for the IA-32 version and the other for x86-64. OEM copies include one DVD, depending on the processor architecture licensed. The installation media for consumer versions of Windows 7 are identical; the product key and corresponding license determines the edition that is installed. The Windows Anytime Upgrade service can be used to purchase an upgrade that unlocks the functionality of a higher edition, such as going from Starter to Home Premium, and Home Premium to Ultimate.<sup id="cite_ref-ExtremeTechWindows7Editions_85-2">[85]  Most copies of Windows 7 only contained one license; in certain markets, a "Family Pack" version of Windows 7 Home Premium was also released for a limited time, which allowed upgrades on up to three computers.<sup id="cite_ref-cnet-w7family_93-0">[93]  In certain regions, copies of Windows 7 were only sold in, and could only be activated in a designated region.<sup id="cite_ref-ms-geographic_94-0">[94]

Support lifecycle[edit]
Support for Windows 7 without Service Pack 1 ended on April 9, 2013, requiring users to update in order to continue receiving updates and support.<sup id="cite_ref-95">[95]  Microsoft ended the sale of new retail copies of Windows 7 in October 2014, and the sale of new OEM licenses for Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, and Ultimate ended on October 31, 2014. Professional currently remains available to OEMs, primarily as part of downgrade rights for Windows 8 and 10 licenses. OEM sales of PCs with Windows 7 Professional preinstalled ended on October 31, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-iw-notgoingawayyet_96-0">[96]  The sale of non-Professional OEM licences was stopped on October 31, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-nw-deadthisweek_97-0">[97]

Mainstream support for Windows 7 ended on January 13, 2015. Extended support for Windows 7 will end on January 14, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-skylake18months_98-0">[98] <sup id="cite_ref-99">[99]

On September 7, 2018, Microsoft announced a paid "Extended Security Updates" service that will offer additional updates for Windows 7 Professional and Enterprise for three years after the end of extended support.<sup id="cite_ref-100">[100]

In March 2019, Microsoft announced that it would display notifications to users informing users of the upcoming end of support, and direct users to a website urging them to purchase a Windows 10 upgrade or a new device.<sup id="cite_ref-101">[101]

System requirements[edit]
Additional requirements to use certain features:<sup id="cite_ref-7requirements_102-1">[102]
 * Windows XP Mode (Professional, Ultimate and Enterprise): Requires an additional 1 GB of RAM and additional 15 GB of available hard disk space. The requirement for a processor capable of hardware virtualization has been lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-104">[104]
 * Windows Media Center (included in Home Premium, Professional, Ultimate and Enterprise), requires a TV tuner to receive and record TV.

Physical memory[edit]
The maximum amount of RAM that Windows 7 supports varies depending on the product edition and on the processor architecture, as shown in the following table.<sup id="cite_ref-7memoryrequirements_105-0">[105]

Processor limits[edit]
Windows 7 Professional and up support up to 2 physical processors (CPU sockets),<sup id="cite_ref-106">[106]  whereas Windows 7 Starter, Home Basic, and Home Premium editions support only 1.<sup id="cite_ref-107">[107]  Physical processors with either multiple cores, or hyper-threading, or both, implement more than one logical processor per physical processor. The x86 editions of Windows 7 support up to 32 logical processors; x64 editions support up to 256 (4 x 64).<sup id="cite_ref-108">[108]

In January 2016, Microsoft announced that it would no longer support Windows platforms older than Windows 10 on any future Intel-compatible processor lines, citing difficulties in reliably allowing the operating system to operate on newer hardware. Microsoft stated that effective July 17, 2017, devices with Intel SkylakeCPUs were only to receive the "most critical" updates for Windows 7 and 8.1, and only if they have been judged not to affect the reliability of Windows 7 on older hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-skylake18months_98-1">[98] <sup id="cite_ref-zdnet-newsupportpolicy_109-0">[109]  For enterprise customers, Microsoft issued a list of Skylake-based devices "certified" for Windows 7 and 8.1 in addition to Windows 10, to assist them in migrating to newer hardware that can eventually be upgraded to 10 once they are ready to transition. Microsoft and their hardware partners provide special testing and support for these devices on 7 and 8.1 until the July 2017 date.<sup id="cite_ref-pcworld-certified7skylake_110-0">[110]

On March 18, 2016, in response to criticism from enterprise customers, Microsoft delayed the end of support and non-critical updates for Skylake systems to July 17, 2018, but stated that they would also continue to receive security updates through the end of extended support.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-oemskylake_111-0">[111] <sup id="cite_ref-cw-skylakechange_112-0">[112]  In August 2016, citing a "strong partnership with our OEM partners and Intel", Microsoft retracted the decision and stated that it would continue to support Windows 7 and 8.1 on Skylake hardware through the end of their extended support lifecycle. However, the restrictions on newer CPU microarchitectures remain in force.<sup id="cite_ref-113">[113] <sup id="cite_ref-114">[114]

In March 2017, a Microsoft knowledge base article was discovered which implies that devices using Intel Kaby Lake, AMD Bristol Ridge, or AMD Ryzen, would be blocked from using Windows Update entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-115">[115] <sup id="cite_ref-ars-noupdateskaby_116-0">[116]  In addition, official Windows 7 device drivers are not available for the Kaby Lake and Ryzen platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-117">[117] <sup id="cite_ref-118">[118]

Security updates released since March 2018 contain bugs which affect processors that do not support SSE2 extensions, including all Pentium III processors. Microsoft initially stated that it would attempt to resolve the issue, and prevented installation of the affected patches on these systems. However, on June 15, 2018, Microsoft retroactively modified its support documents to remove the promise that this bug would be resolved, replacing it with a statement suggesting that users obtain a newer processor. This effectively ends future patch support for Windows 7 on these systems.<sup id="cite_ref-119">[119] <sup id="cite_ref-120">[120]

Service Pack 1[edit]
Windows 7 Service Pack 1 (SP1) was announced on March 18, 2010. A beta was released on July 12, 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-121">[121] <sup id="cite_ref-122">[122] <sup id="cite_ref-123">[123]  The final version was released to the public on February 22, 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-124">[124]  At the time of release, it was not made mandatory. It was available via Windows Update, direct download, or by ordering the Windows 7 SP1 DVD.<sup id="cite_ref-125">[125]  The service pack is on a much smaller scale than those released for previous versions of Windows, particularly Windows Vista.<sup id="cite_ref-126">[126]

Windows 7 Service Pack 1 adds support for Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX), a 256-bit instruction set extension for processors, and improves IKEv2 by adding additional identification fields such as E-mail ID to it. In addition, it adds support for Advanced Format 512e as well as additional Identity Federation Services.<sup id="cite_ref-ref-sp1-changes_127-0">[127] <sup id="cite_ref-128">[128]  Windows 7 Service Pack 1 also resolves a bug related to HDMI audio and another related to printing XPS documents.<sup id="cite_ref-ref-sp1-changes_127-1">[127]

In Europe, the automatic nature of the BrowserChoice.eu feature was dropped in Windows 7 Service Pack 1 in February 2011 and remained absent for 14 months despite Microsoft reporting that it was still present, subsequently described by Microsoft as a "technical error". As a result, in March 2013 the European Commission fined Microsoft €561 million to deter companies from reneging on settlement promises.<sup id="cite_ref-129">[129]

Platform Update[edit]
The Platform Update for Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1 was released on February 26, 2013<sup id="cite_ref-KB2670838_130-0">[130]  after a pre-release version had been released on November 5, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-131">[131]  It is also included with Internet Explorer 10 for Windows 7.<sup id="cite_ref-D3D11.1W7_132-0">[132]

It includes enhancements to Direct2D, DirectWrite, Direct3D, Windows Imaging Component (WIC), Windows Advanced Rasterization Platform (WARP), Windows Animation Manager (WAM), XPS Document API, H.264 Video Decoder and JPEG XR decoder.<sup id="cite_ref-KB2670838_130-1">[130]  However support for Direct3D 11.1 is limited as the update does not include DXGI/WDDM 1.2 from Windows 8, making unavailable many related APIs and significant features such as stereoscopic frame buffer, feature level 11_1 and optional features for levels 10_0, 10_1 and 11_0.<sup id="cite_ref-W7PU_MSDN_133-0">[133]

Disk Cleanup update[edit]
In October 2013, a Disk Cleanup Wizard addon was released that lets users delete outdated Windows updates on Windows 7 SP1, thus reducing the size of the WinSxS directory. This update backports some features found in Windows 8.<sup id="cite_ref-blogs2_134-0">[134]

Windows Management Framework 5.0[edit]
Windows Management Framework 5.0 includes updates to Windows PowerShell, Windows PowerShell Desired State Configuration (DSC), Windows Remote Management (WinRM), Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI). It was released on February 24, 2016<sup id="cite_ref-135">[135]  and was eventually superseded by Windows Management Framework 5.1.<sup id="cite_ref-136">[136]

Convenience rollup[edit]
In May 2016, Microsoft released a "Convenience rollup update for Windows 7 SP1 and Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1", which contains all patches released between the release of SP1 and April 2016. The rollup is not available via Windows Update, and must be downloaded manually. This package can also be integrated into a Windows 7 installation image.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-3125574_137-0">[137]

Since October 2016, all security and reliability updates are cumulative. Downloading and installing updates that address individual problems is no longer possible, but the number of updates that must be downloaded to fully update the OS is significantly reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-culum7and81_138-0">[138]

Critical reception[edit]
Windows 7 received critical acclaim, with critics noting the increased usability and functionality when compared with its predecessor, Windows Vista. CNET gave Windows 7 Home Premium a rating of 4.5 out of 5 stars,<sup id="cite_ref-139">[139]  stating that it "is more than what Vista should have been, [and] it's where Microsoft needed to go". PC Magazine rated it a 4 out of 5 saying that Windows 7 is a "big improvement" over Windows Vista, with fewer compatibility problems, a retooled taskbar, simpler home networking and faster start-up.<sup id="cite_ref-pcmagReview_140-0">[140]  Maximum PC gave Windows 7 a rating of 9 out of 10 and called Windows 7 a "massive leap forward" in usability and security, and praised the new Taskbar as "worth the price of admission alone".<sup id="cite_ref-maxPCReview_141-0">[141]  PC World called Windows 7 a "worthy successor" to Windows XP and said that speed benchmarks showed Windows 7 to be slightly faster than Windows Vista.<sup id="cite_ref-pcWorldReview_142-0">[142]  PC World also named Windows 7 one of the best products of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-pcWorldBestProducts2009_143-0">[143]  In its review of Windows 7, Engadget said that Microsoft had taken a "strong step forward" with Windows 7 and reported that speed is one of Windows 7's major selling points—particularly for the netbook sets.<sup id="cite_ref-engadgetReview_144-0">[144]  Laptop Magazine gave Windows 7 a rating of 4 out of 5 stars and said that Windows 7 makes computing more intuitive, offered better overall performance including a "modest to dramatic" increase in battery life on laptop computers.<sup id="cite_ref-laptopMagReview_145-0">[145]  TechRadar gave Windows 7 a rating of 5 out of 5 stars, concluding that "it combines the security and architectural improvements of Windows Vista with better performance than XP can deliver on today's hardware. No version of Windows is ever perfect, but Windows 7 really is the best release of Windows yet."<sup id="cite_ref-techRadarReview_146-0">[146]  The New York Times,<sup id="cite_ref-nyTimesReview_147-0">[147]  USA Today,<sup id="cite_ref-usaTodayReview_148-0">[148]  The Wall Street Journal,<sup id="cite_ref-wsjReview_149-0">[149]  and The Telegraph<sup id="cite_ref-telegraphReview_150-0">[150]  also gave Windows 7 favorable reviews.

Some Windows Vista Ultimate users have expressed concerns over Windows 7 pricing and upgrade options.<sup id="cite_ref-151">[151] <sup id="cite_ref-152">[152]  Windows Vista Ultimate users wanting to upgrade from Windows Vista to Windows 7 must either pay $219.99<sup id="cite_ref-153">[153]  to upgrade to Windows 7 Ultimate or perform a clean install, which requires them to reinstall all of their programs.<sup id="cite_ref-154">[154]

The changes to User Account Control on Windows 7 were criticized for being potentially insecure, as an exploit was discovered allowing untrusted software to be launched with elevated privileges by exploiting a trusted component. Peter Bright of Ars Technica argued that "the way that the Windows 7 UAC 'improvements' have been made completely exempts Microsoft's developers from having to do that work themselves. With Windows 7, it's one rule for Redmond, another one for everyone else."<sup id="cite_ref-155">[155]  Microsoft's Windows kernel engineer Mark Russinovich acknowledged the problem, but noted that malware can also compromise a system when users agree to a prompt.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-7uacbroken_82-1">[82] <sup id="cite_ref-156">[156]

Sales[edit]
In July 2009, in only eight hours, pre-orders of Windows 7 at amazon.co.uk surpassed the demand which Windows Vista had had in its first 17 weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-157">[157]  It became the highest-grossing pre-order in Amazon's history, surpassing sales of the previous record holder, the seventh Harry Potter book.<sup id="cite_ref-158">[158]  After 36 hours, 64-bit versions of Windows 7 Professional and Ultimate editions sold out in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-159">[159]  Two weeks after its release its market share had surpassed that of Snow Leopard, released two months previously as the most recent update to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc. Apple's] Mac OS X operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-160">[160] <sup id="cite_ref-161">[161]  According to Net Applications, Windows 7 reached a 4% market share in less than three weeks; in comparison, it took Windows Vista seven months to reach the same mark.<sup id="cite_ref-win7UseContinuesToClimb_162-0">[162] <sup id="cite_ref-LinExp_Analytic_163-0">[163]  As of February 2014, Windows 7 has a market share of 47.49% according to Net Applications; in comparison, Windows XP had a market share of 29.23%.<sup id="cite_ref-pcw-feb2014share_164-0">[164]

On March 4, 2010, Microsoft announced that it had sold more than 90 million Windows 7 licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph-w7-warman-matt-2010-03-05_165-0">[165]  By April 23, 2010, Windows 7 had sold more than 100 million copies in six months, which made it Microsoft's fastest-selling operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-ZDNETWindows7FastestSellingWinOS_166-0">[166] <sup id="cite_ref-WindowsITPro150million_167-0">[167]  As of June 23, 2010, Windows 7 has sold 150 million copies which made it the fastest selling operating system in history with seven copies sold every second.<sup id="cite_ref-WindowsITPro150million_167-1">[167] <sup id="cite_ref-WindowsSteamBlog150million_168-0">[168]  Based on worldwide data taken during June 2010 from Windows Update 46% of Windows 7 PCs run the 64-bit edition of Windows 7.<sup id="cite_ref-WindowsSteamBlog64BitMomentum_169-0">[169]  According to Stephen Baker of the NPD Group during April 2010 in the United States 77% of PCs sold at retail were pre-installed with the 64-bit edition of Windows 7.<sup id="cite_ref-WindowsSteamBlog64BitMomentum_169-1">[169] <sup id="cite_ref-CnetMicrosoftWindows7Makes64BitHeadway_170-0">[170]  As of July 22, 2010, Windows 7 had sold 175 million copies.<sup id="cite_ref-WindowsSteamBlog175million_171-0">[171] On October 21, 2010, Microsoft announced that more than 240 million copies of Windows 7 had been sold.<sup id="cite_ref-WindowsSteamBlog240million_172-0">[172]  Three months later, on January 27, 2011, Microsoft announced total sales of 300 million copies of Windows 7.<sup id="cite_ref-WindowsSteamBlog300million_173-0">[173]  On July 12, 2011, the sales figure was refined to over 400 million end-user licenses and business installations.<sup id="cite_ref-MicrosoftNewsFY2011_174-0">[174]  As of July 9, 2012, over 630 million licenses have been sold; this number includes licenses sold to OEMs for new PCs.<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_Q2_FY12_175-0">[175]

Antitrust concerns[edit]
As with other Microsoft operating systems, Windows 7 was studied by United States federal regulators who oversee the company's operations following the 2001 United States v. Microsoft Corp. settlement. According to status reports filed, the three-member panel began assessing prototypes of the new operating system in February 2008. Michael Gartenberg, an analyst at Jupiter Research, said, "[Microsoft's] challenge for Windows 7 will be how can they continue to add features that consumers will want that also don't run afoul of regulators."<sup id="cite_ref-176">[176]

In order to comply with European antitrust regulations, Microsoft proposed the use of a "ballot" screen containing download links to competing web browsers, thus removing the need for a version of Windows completely without Internet Explorer, as previously planned.<sup id="cite_ref-neowin-browserballot_177-0">[177]  In response to criticism involving Windows 7 E and concerns from manufacturers about possible consumer confusion if a version of Windows 7 with Internet Explorer were shipped later, after one without Internet Explorer, Microsoft announced that it would discard the separate version for Europe and ship the standard upgrade and full packages worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-neowin-noE_178-0">[178]

As with the previous version of Windows, an N version, which does not come with Windows Media Player, has been released in Europe, but only for sale directly from Microsoft sales websites and selected others.<sup id="cite_ref-179">[179]

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Further reading[edit]

 * Bott, Ed; Siechert, Carl; Stinson, Craig (2010). Windows 7 Inside Out. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Press. ISBN 978-0-7356-2665-2.

External links[edit]

 * Windows 7 Service Pack 1 (SP1)
 * Windows 7 SP1 update history